Ideas Depot

Salvador Dalí, Mountain Lake  1938

Mountain Lake demonstrates Dalí’s use of the multiple image: the lake can simultaneously be seen as a fish. By such doubling he sought to challenge rationality. The painting combines personal and public references. His parents visited this lake after the death of their first child, also called Salvador. Dalí seems to have been haunted by the death of his namesake brother whom he never knew. The disconnected telephone brings the image into the present by alluding to negotiations between Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, and Hitler over the German annexation of the Sudetenland in September 1938.

Gallery label, December 2005

El Lissitzky, 4. Anxious People  1923

Frances Hodgkins, Wings over Water  1930

Frances Hodgkins was born in New Zealand and first came to Europe in 1901. She taught in Paris between 1910 and 1912 and settled in England in 1914. She was a close friend of Cedric Morris and Lett Haines, the former proposing her membership of the Seven and Five in 1929. 'Wings over Water' is typical of Seven and Five artists in its depiction of a table-top still life set before a window. It was painted in the artist's studio in Hampstead, an area of North London much favoured by avant-garde British artists at the time, and evokes memories of Cornwall where she had settled in 1914.

Gallery label, August 2004

Giacomo Balla, Abstract Speed - The Car has Passed  1913

Ballà was a leading figure in the Italian Futurist group. He believed that the power and speed of machines such as cars were the salient characteristics of the modern age and aimed to express this idea in his work. This painting was originally the right-hand part part of a triptych. The left-hand part of the triptych was called 'Line of Force Landscape' and the central one 'Lines of Force Noise'. The theme of the triptych was the passage of a car along a white road, with green and blue forms, evoking earth and sky, in the background. The pinkish areas in this painting suggest the exhaust fumes left by the passing car.

Gallery label, September 2004

Carel Weight, Allegro Strepitoso  1932

During the 1930s Weight was interested in fairy stories and images which kindled the imagination. 'Allegro Strepitoso' was inspired by memories of childhood visits to London Zoo accompanied by his mother. A photograph of Weight's mother adopting a position of agitation provided the pose for the lady in red. Weight wanted to execute a comic painting and became fascinated with making the lion appear to spring out of the cage. The title of the painting was suggested by a musical friend of the artist after it had been completed. Allegro means 'merry' or 'lively', while strepitoso means 'noisily'. The theme of attack and escape is one that runs throughout Weight's work.

Gallery label, September 2004

Pablo Picasso, Girl in a Chemise  c.1905

This is one of the first paintings Picasso made after moving from Barcelona to Paris in 1904. The painting relates stylistically to works of his so-called ‘rose period’. Even though this painting is predominantly blue, the warm pinkish-brown undertones in the background represent a transition towards a more colourful palette and lighter subject matter. The young woman portrayed here is likely Madeleine, Picasso’s regular model at the time. Her depiction bears similarities to his paintings of harlequins and travelling entertainers which featured heavily in Picasso’s rose period.

Gallery label, November 2019

Hansjörg Mayer, alphabet study: c  1962

Carlos Cruz-Diez, Physichromie No. 123  1964

Gillian Carnegie, Hanser  2010

El Lissitzky, 10. New Man  1923

Jorge Macchi, Musical Box  2004

Peter Fischli, David Weiss, Untitled (Small Root)  2005

Untitled (Small Root) is a direct cast in actual size of a portion of a tree root in synthetic black rubber. It represents a thick chunk of wood, with flaking bark, bumps and notches on the outer surface, and smoother, flatter sides where the wood appears to have been sawn from a tree. The sculpture was made by creating a silicon mould from the root of a felled tree, which was then cast in black polyurethane. To stabilise the sculpture, its core consists of foam glass, a material that is resistant to shrinkage and to chemical reactions. The work is part of a series of sculptures cast in synthetic black rubber which Peter Fischli and David Weiss started to make in 1986. In 1987 the artists made their first cast rubber sculpture of another root, titled Wurzel (Root) (edition of six, various collections). Produced on the occasion of their large retrospective at Tate Modern in London, Untitled (Small Root) is the smaller one of two sculptures of tree roots cast in 2005. The larger sculpture, Untitled (Big Root), was cast from a more frayed and jagged portion of root than Untitled (Small Root).

Gillian Ayres CBE RA, The Colour That Was There  1993

For The Colour That Was There, Ayres took a proof of a screenprint she had rejected, and painted over it using acrylic paint (a medium she had given up in favour of oil some years earlier). The shift in medium complicates the spatial dynamic of the composition, additionally defined by the decorative painted border around its four edges, emphasising the work’s self-contained nature. The title could refer to the original screenprint, which may have been differently coloured, or perhaps to a colour that was obscured when Ayres painted over the print.

Gallery label, October 2019

Erika Verzutti, Tarsila with Orange  2011

Tarsila with Orange 2011 is a painted bronze sculpture by the Brazilian artist Erika Verzutti. While Verzutti often works with the tradition of bronze casting, her emphasis is consistently placed on tactility and the handmade, and this sculpture is a key work in this regard, both in its form and conceptualisation. Verzutti produced the composition in clay, vertically pulling up a narrow, arching form that she then cast, such that it appears to both cradle and overlook an orange sphere. The ‘orange’ relates to her practice – begun around 2007 and continued for approximately seven years – of casting fruits and vegetables and using the shapes as recurring elements of her ambiguous sculptures (see also Brasília Tile 2011, Tate T15433, and Pencil 2014, Tate L04290). The odd, snake-like form of Tarsila with Orange has been a recurring motif in the artist’s work since 2003, and she has adapted it and described it in relation to the forms of a swan, a dinosaur, a phallus or a vegetable. Most often, and in this case of this work and its title, she draws direct reference between this shape and the work of Brazilian modernist painter Tarsila do Amaral (1886–1973), whose painting Setting Sun 1929 (private collection) features a similarly ambiguous animal at its centre.

Karel Appel, Questioning Children  1949

Appel prepared the surface of Questioning Children by nailing discarded pieces of wood to an old window shutter. The vibrant colours and roughly-painted figures recall the spontaneity of children’s art. CoBrA artists believed that such unconventional sources could re-invigorate post-war culture. In the same year Appel also used the title Questioning Children for a controversial mural at the Town Hall in Amsterdam, which was condemned as incomprehensible, and covered over with wallpaper. There is a note of tragedy in these works as the Dutch title also means 'begging children' and evokes scenes of poverty that Appel had witnessed in post-war Germany.

Gallery label, August 2004

John Hilliard, Camera Recording its Own Condition (7 Apertures, 10 Speeds, 2 Mirrors)  1971

Conceptual art became a dominant movement in the 1970s as artists rejected traditional practices for an art that reflected upon the protocols of art itself. For many conceptual artists, the grid functions as rigorous scaffolding for the expressions of basic ideas, articulated with or without limited aesthetic intervention. The idea of a camera examining itself might be seen to epitomise such a practice. Here the camera serves as a device as well as the central image; 70 photographs were taken using mirrors and combinations of aperture and shutter speed.

Gallery label, September 2016

Patrick Caulfield, After Lunch  1975

Patrick Caulfield’s paintings explore alternative ways of picturing the world. After Lunch was one of his earliest works to combine different styles of representation. In this case, what appears to be a photomural of the Château de Chillon hanging in a restaurant is depicted with high-focus realism, contrasting with the cartoon-like black-outlined imagery and fields of saturated colour of its surroundings. Caulfield deliberately makes the relationship between these varying representational methods uneasy and ambiguous, so that the picture appears more real than the everyday world around it.

Gallery label, November 2016

Lygia Pape, Weaving  1957

Here Lygia Pape creates a complex composition out of simple rectangles and triangles. The title refers to the act of weaving, and thus to textiles, a reference that implies the transparency of woven fabric, as well as its regularity and precision. Each shape is made with a woodcut printed onto thin paper, with the grooves of the natural woodgrain of the printing block visible. This organic element, along with the overlapping of the shapes, deliberately disturbs the pure geometry of the work.

Gallery label, November 2015

Natalia Goncharova, Three Young Women  1920

The apparent abstraction of this composition derives from the radically restructured forms of the three women identified in the title. Many years after its completion, the artist described it as: ‘Three half-length female figures, the play of sunlight and reflections of a sandy path (yellowish orange) and orange red etc.’ The fragmented forms that Goncharova favoured in earlier works were here resolved in a more stable synthesis that reflect her contribution to developments in post-First World War Paris.

Gallery label, November 2007

Hansjörg Mayer, alphabet study: a  1962

Hansjörg Mayer, alphabet study: b  1962

Nelson Stevens, Uhuru  1971

Uhuru 1971 is a screenprint on paper produced by Nelson Stevens, a member of the Chicago-based artists’ collective AfriCOBRA (African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists). Uhuru takes its title from the Swahili word for freedom. Adopted as a fundamental principle of the Pan-African movement, Stevens centres on the hopeful spiritualism associated with the word. Here it is emblazoned above a portrait of an African American woman who gazes upwards with a strong expression. Her face and Afro hairstyle are made up of fragmented and frenzied lines and forms, typical of Stevens’s painting aesthetic, evoking rhythm and movement inspired by African music.

Romare Bearden, The Street  1964

Chris Ofili, R.I.P. Stephen Lawrence 1974 - 1993  2013

Martin Parr CBE, The Last Resort 25  1983–6, printed 2018

The Last Resort is a series of forty photographs taken in New Brighton, a beach suburb of Liverpool. Shot with a medium format camera and daylight flash, the photographs are an early example of Parr’s characteristic saturated colour, influenced by the American colour photography of William Eggleston (born 1939) and Garry Winogrand (1928-84). Parr printed eleven images from The Last Resort in a large-format edition of five for his 2002 retrospective at the Barbican Art Gallery, London. New Brighton, Merseyside (25) is one of four works from this special edition owned by Tate.

Sir Anthony Caro, Table Piece XXVIII  1967

In 1966, after a rapid rise to prominence with large-scale, abstract works constructed from steel, Anthony Caro began making small sculptures which became a long-running discrete series, known as ‘table pieces’. Designed to sit on the edge of a horizontal surface at table height, they are neither maquettes nor models that can be scaled up and placed on the ground. Caro’s goal was to make small sculptures whose modest dimensions would be intrinsic to their final form. Often their component parts include handles, tools, objects or implements whose size is recognizably intended to fit into the human hand. However abstract Caro’s sculpture may appear to be, it is always related to the human body for, as he stated in a lecture on Degas, ‘all sculpture takes its bearings from the fact that we live inside our bodies and that our size and stretch and strength is what it is’ (quoted in Moorhouse, p.25).

Leon Golub, Wounded Sphinx  1965

Sir Frank Bowling OBE RA, Rachel IV  1989

Rachel IV 1989 is a painting in acrylic on canvas in a portrait format, its height more than double its width. The surface of the work is richly textured. Bowling applied acrylic gels directly onto the canvas and reworked the paint with a spatula. This layering creates a rippling effect and gives the work a sculptural quality, as the repeated lines created by the edges of the spatula extend outwards from the canvas. The dominant tones in which the work is painted are light browns, ochre, light greys and bronze, with localised patches of blue, yellow and red. Like many other paintings Bowling made between 1987 and 1990, Rachel IV is characterised by a reflective translucence, the varying orientation of different parts of the surface reflecting light differently and giving the work a great sense of movement and change.

Joan Miró, The Great Carnivore  1969

John Minton, Children by the Sea  1945

Minton was invalided out of the army in 1943, and from then until autumn 1946 he shared a London studio with two other painters, Robert Colquhoun and Robert MacBryde. The Polish painter Jankel Adler also lived in the same house and he shared with the younger painters his knowledge of the European avant-garde, especially Picasso. The landscape in this painting is inspired by disused buildings seen near the sea at Marazion in Cornwall, but the children are probably invented figures. The subject of the painting may suggest an interest in child psychology and awakening sexuality, themes found in other work by Minton in the mid-1940s.

Gallery label, September 2004